Childhood disabilities entail a range of immediate and long-term economic costs that have important implications for the well-being of the child, the family, and society but that are difficult to measure. In an extensive research review, examine evidence about three kinds of costs—direct, out-of-pocket costs incurred as a result of the child’s disability; indirect costs incurred by the family as it decides how best to cope with the disability; and long-term costs associated with the child’s future economic performance.